C A V E
of
C L U E S
< C A V E of C L U E S >
This area is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
The Cave of Clues is a collection of archives allowing information in the project database to be filtered and explored in various ways. This feature is currently experimental, and you’ll continue to see it expand and evolve over the next few months. My original plan was to try to get this area into a more finished and presentable status before taking it live, but I hope making it available in its current state will encourage member feedback and ideas, which I very much appreciate. Please do not hesitate to share your input so I know which direction to take things in next! If something isn’t possible, I’ll tell you that, and if it is, I’ll try my best to make it happen (if it aligns with our mission, of course). I see this as a project we can co-create, so feedback is an integral part of the process.
I’m using Pods framework to create and connect content across the site and will refer to each of the below sections as “pods” for that reason. All the pods (ancestors, surnames, peoples, places, resources, etc.) are interconnected through relationships. The Cave of Clues was designed to highlight these connections and once filled in more, should allow us to thoroughly explore each aspect of our Melungeon heritage. The idea is to be able to query and use this data for storytelling, or “fillling in the dashes” of our ancestor’s lives. Right now, the main goal of this area is to gather and organize any valuable bits of information that could be useful in our research journey. For anyone interested in helping with this process, you’ll soon be able to submit data to be added to the site right from your new Member Portal! *
Members can click [ Explore > ] buttons to learn more about each pod and/or to filter relevant data within it. Click any of the results to visit its page, and be sure to favorite any page you’d like to see worked. I’ll be checking those once a week and will do my best to get you the info you’re looking for! Individual result pages have a [ Discuss in forum ] button, which Hill Folk + members can use to start or continue a conversation around a specific topic.
* with source, must meet certain criteria
ANCESTORS
A N C E S T O R S
EXAMPLE PAGES
- image/descriptors
- given name
- surname
- nickname
- name variations
- about (bio)
- birth date
- birthplace
- mother
- father
- siblings
- social status
- occupation
- census race(s)
- spouse
- marriage date
- marriage place
- bondsman
- children
- death date
- death place
- informant
- burial place
- connections
- FAN club
- records
- resources
- mentions
- notes
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss an ancestor in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on their page. If no forum exists for the ancestor, please request one using the form.
- Ancestor pages containing a birth date and/or middle name are for a specific person. Ancestor pages without a birth date and/or middle name may contain combined data for multiple people and will eventually be separated.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific ancestor pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” ancestor pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice ancestors that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- Members will soon be able to add ancestor data from the new Member Portal.*
* MEMBERS CAN NOW REQUEST CONTRIBUTOR PERMISSIONS TO SUBMIT DATA TO THE ANCESTORS POD. CLICK ‘EXPLORE’ BELOW FOR MORE INFO. TERMS AND CONDITIONS APPLY.
ADDITIONAL INFO:
517
# of Ancestors:
- daily – adding and updating ancestor pages and data
- weekly – checking and working through member “favorites”
Pod Status:
active, in progress
- documented/core Melungeons
- core Melungeon family descendants (with line noted)
- names of interest from Melungeon-specific resources
- names from Melungeon and related group lists & rolls
- individuals marked FPC, Mulatto, or Indian in core area census records
- other historical people who may have had ties to the Melungeons *
Ancestors include:
SURNAMES
S U R N A M E S
EXAMPLE PAGES
- variations
- ancestors
- places
- connections
- genetic studies
- lists/rolls
- tables/charts
- records
- resources
- mentions
- notes
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of surnames:
512
- To discuss a surname in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on that page. If no forum exists for the surname, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific surname pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” surname pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- Members will soon be able to add surname data from the new Member Portal.
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- daily – adding and updating ancestor pages and data
- weekly – checking and working through member “favorites”
Pod Status:
active, in progress
- well-known/common Melungeon surnames
- surnames of related mixed-ancestry peoples and Indigenous groups
- surnames from the contents/indexes of Melungeon-specific resources
- other important Appalachian surnames, such as those of early pioneers
Surnames include:
GIVEN NAMES
G I V E N _ N A M E S
Many Melungeon first names were the same as those of other families in the region. There are a few that seem unique to the area, however, such as Valentine, Vardeman, Mahala, and Ambrose. Also common were:
- Hebrew names (e.g. Elijah, Solomon, Shadrach, Hezekiah, Abraham, Levi, Gabriel, Zachariah, Mary, Naomi, Elizabeth, Judith) – There is a strong connection between Melungeons and Sephardic Jews!
- virtue names (e.g. Obedience, Comfort, Charity, Patience)
- names starting with “L” (e.g. Ludicia, Lucinda, Lavinia, Letha, Louisa, Lula, Lorenzo, Leroy, Louemma)
- surnames as given names (e.g. Shepherd, Martin, Thomas, Green, Russell, Carter).
PEOPLES
P E O P L E S
EXAMPLE PAGES
- image (people, flag, or emblem)
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss a people in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on their page. If no forum exists for the people, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific people pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” people pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice peoples that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- If possible, we will find and ask experts on specific groups (ideally current members of those groups) to manage and submit data to those pages.
- Members will soon be able to add people data from the new Member Portal.*
ADDITIONAL INFO:
258
# of Peoples:
- daily – adding and updating people pages and data
- weekly – checking and working through member “favorites”
Pod Status:
active, in progress
- Melungeons and subgroups (e.g., Carmel Indians, Guineas, etc.)
- Indigenous tribes connected to the Melungeons
- mixed ancestry groups connected to the Melungeons
- mixed-ethnic groups with similar ancestry and admixture
- Free People of Color who could be connected to the Melungeons
- other groups with overlapping history and regional presence
Peoples include:
PLACES
P L A C E S
EXAMPLE PAGES
- image (map, photo)
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss a place in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on their page. If no forum exists for the place, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific place pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” place pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice places that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- If possible, we will find and ask experts on specific places to manage and submit data to those pages.
- Members will soon be able to add place data from the new Member Portal.*
ADDITIONAL INFO:
540
# of places:
- daily – adding and updating place pages and data
- weekly – checking and working through member “favorites”
Pod Status:
active, in progress
Places include:
EVENTS
E V E N T S
- image
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss an event in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on their page. If no forum exists for the event, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific event pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” event pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice events that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- If possible, we will find and ask experts on specific events to manage and submit data to those pages.
- Members will soon be able to add event data from the new Member Portal.*
ADDITIONAL INFO:
32
# of events:
- daily – adding and updating event pages and data
- weekly – checking and working through member “favorites”
Pod Status:
active, in progress
Events include:
MIGRATIONS
M I G R A T I O N S
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss a migration in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on its page. If no forum exists for the migration, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific migration pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” migration pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice migrations that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- If possible, we’ll invite experts on specific migrations to manage and submit data to those pages.
- Members will soon be able to add migration data from the new Member Portal.*
ADDITIONAL INFO:
5
# of Migrations:
- weekly – reviewing and adding migration submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
Migrations include:
OCCUPATIONS
O C C U P A T I O N S
PAGE CONTENTS:
- To discuss an occupation in the forum, click the [ Discuss in forum ] button on its page. If no forum exists for the occupation, please request one using the form.
- Mountain Legend members and Founding Members can submit priority requests for specific occupation pages to be worked right away.
- All members can “favorite” occupation pages for easier navigation (mark them now and view them soon in the new Member Portal).
- Once a week, we’ll review member “favorites” and work as many as we can get through. The higher the favorite count, the higher the priority.
- Reach out if you notice occupations that need to be merged or separated, or if you notice any incorrect data (please provide source).
- If possible, we’ll invite experts on specific occupations to manage and submit data to those pages.
- Members will soon be able to add occupation data from the new Member Portal.*
ADDITIONAL INFO:
23
# of Occupations:
- weekly – reviewing and adding occupation submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
Occupations include:
TRADITIONS
T R A D I T I O N S
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
MUSIC + CRAFT
M U S I C + C R A F T
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
FOOD + AGRICULTURE
F O O D + A G R I C U L T U R E
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
FOLK MEDICINE
F O L K _ M E D I C I N E
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
Melungeon Voices S5 E1 – Southern & Appalachian Folk Medicine
Southern Folk Medicine: Healing Traditions from the Appalachian Fields and Forests
Southern Folk Medicine 1750-1820
Ginseng Diggers: A History of Root Gathering in Appalachia
Melungeon Voices S2 E2 – Jake Richards
Ginseng Diggers: A History of Root and Herb Gathering in Appalachia
HOME + DWELLINGS
H O M E + D W E L L I N G S
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
FAITH + RELIGION
F A I T H + R E L I G I O N
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
LANGUAGE + DIALECT
L A N G U A G E + D I A L E C T
Pod Status:
coming soon
Melungeons as a group did not have their own language. They spoke English. While some Melungeon communities claimed Portuguese ancestry, there is no recorded evidence of them speaking Portuguese. Historical accounts describe their language as broken English, Elizabethan English, and various Native American dialects.
This pod will be used to collect additional historical information on Melungeon language use and dialect. It will also gather and share details for projects and causes aimed at preserving language within related tribal communities today.
ANCESTRY + ADMIXTURE
A N C E S T R Y + A D M I X T U R E
Pod Status:
coming soon
* * * Info will be added to this section soon! * * *
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
DNA STUDIES
D N A _ S T U D I E S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of DNA studies:
5
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – reviewing and adding DNA studies
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
DNA studies include:
TRAITS + CONDITIONS
T R A I T S + C O N D I T I O N S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of traits/conditions:
5
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- daily – reviewing and adding trait/condition submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
Traits/conditons include:
RECORDS + DOCS
R E C O R D S + D O C S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of records/docs:
21
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – adding and updating record/doc data and filters
Pod Status:
active, in progress
Records/docs include:
LISTS + ROLLS
L I S T S + R O L L S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of lists/rolls:
38
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – adding and updating list/roll data and filters
Pod Status:
active, in progress
Lists/rolls include:
TABLES + CHARTS
T A B L E S + C H A R T S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of tables/charts:
21
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – adding and updating table/chart data and filters
Pod Status:
active, in progress
- tables or charts found in Melungeon-specific resources
- tables or charts found in resources discussing related groups
- tables or charts found in resources discussing mixed ancestry peoples, especially those from the same region
Tables/Charts include:
TOOLS+SEARCHES
T O O L S + S E A R C H E S
Pod Status:
coming soon
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
MYTH + FOLKLORE
M Y T H + F O L K L O R E
Pod Status:
coming soon
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
ORIGIN THEORIES
O R I G I N _ T H E O R I E S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of origin theories:
4
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – reviewing and adding origin theory submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
- origin theories proposed in Melungeon-specific resources (including newspaper articles)
Origin theories include:
EXPLORERS
E X P L O R E R S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of explorers:
5
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – reviewing and adding explorer submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
Explorers include:
VESSELS
V E S S E L S
PAGE CONTENTS:
# of vessels:
4
ADDITIONAL INFO:
- weekly – reviewing and adding vessel submissions
Pod Status:
active, gathering data
Vessels include:
ARTIFACTS
A R T I F A C T S
Pod Status:
coming soon
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
MISC. CLUES
M I S C. _ C L U E S
Pod Status:
coming soon
The Cave of Clues is a work in progress. Thank you for your patience and support!
Ancestors
- (unknown)
- Abijah Cross Riddle
- Abraham Lee Mullins b.1837
- Abraham Wood
- Abram Alloway
- Addam Smith
- Addie Evans Wynn
- Agnes "Aggie" Sizemore b.1824
- Agnes "Aggy" Sizemore b.1803
- Agnes Carter
- Agnes Goins
- Aisley Vicars
- Alcey Minor b.1847
- Alcey Sizemore
- Alexander Carico
- Alexander Gentry b.1836
- Alexander Goins b.1815
- Alfred Collins b.1810
- Alfred D Goins b.1833
- Alfred Minor b.1828
- Alice Lovins Bale Collins b.1873
- Alice Sizemore
- Allen Collins b.1802
- Alvin Joe Bell
- Ambrose Collins b.1765
- Ambrose Powell
- Ambrose Terrell
- Andrew Gibson
- Andrew J "Brandy Jack" Mullins b.1824
- Andrew Jackson Collins b.1831
- Andy Gibson
- Ann Sizemore
- Anna Knox Sizemore
- Anna Robinson b.1779
- Anne Mitchell
- Annie Mary Tyree b.1885
- Anthony Johnson
- Arminta Gibson b.1825
- Artemenus Robinson
- Arthur Tyree b.1895
- Atha Riddle
- Barlow Collins b.1900
- Batey Collins
- Baty Collins b.1845
- Benjamin "Old Ben" Collins Sr b.1764
- Benjamin Collins
- Benjamin Collins Jr
- Benjamin Jackson
- Benjamin King
- Benjamin Sexton
- Benjamin Williams
- Bertha Vanzant Willis
- Bertha Collins Collins b.1898
- Betsey Beverly
- Betsy Burton
- Betty Hurd Willis
- Betty Tyree b.1889
- Bill Nichols
- Bill Sizemore
- Bill Vicars
- Bobby Taylor
- Booker Mullins
- Bradley Collins
- Branham Williams b.1833
- Bryson Gibson b.1782
- Burkin Mullins
- Burr Barton
- Callie Willis
- Calloway Collins
- Calvin Mullins
- Captain Riddle
- Charles Thompson
- Charles Collins
- Charles Gibson
- Charles Gipson
- Charles Sexton
- Charles Sexton b.1750
- Charles Ward
- Charles Williams
- Charlie Nichols
- Charlotte Bennett b.1807
- Cicily Haddix Wilson b.1822
- Claibourn Minor b.1839
- Clara Mullins
- Clarkia Collins b.1812
- Claude Moore
- Clay Taylor
- Col. Williamson
- Comfort Osborn
- Conway Robinson
- Dale Carter
- Daniel Boone b.1734
- Daniel Edison Carter
- Daniel Norris
- Dave Willis
- David "Davy" Collins b.1805
- David "Spotted Dave" Mullins b.1798
- David Cox
- David Gibson
- David Goings
- David M Collier
- David Phillops
- David Steele
- David Ward
- David Wright
- Delilah Gibson
- Dennis Scott
- Dicey Gibson b.1838
- Ding Bowling
- Dr William S Powell
- Drury Going b.1749
- Edmund Collins
- Edward "Old Ned" Sizemore
- Edward Bennett
- Edward Charles Moore b.1725
- Edward Gaither Riddle
- Edward Goins b.1799
- Edward Mozingo
- Edward Stone
- Elam Riddle
- Eldora Collins
- Elias Powel
- Elijah Collins
- Elijah Williams
- Elisha D Sexton b.1774
- Eliza Hurd Willis
- Elizabeth (Morgan) Vardeman
- Elizabeth Moore
- Elizabeth Stevens
- Elizabeth "Lizzie" Kiser b.1879
- Elizabeth A Riddle
- Elizabeth Bean b.1723
- Elizabeth Biggs
- Elizabeth Colley b.1789
- Elizabeth Collins
- Elizabeth Dale b.1804
- Elizabeth Gipson
- Elizabeth Jane Higginbotham
- Elizabeth L Willis
- Elizabeth Lettice Taylor
- Elizabeth Minor b.1836
- Elizabeth Mullins
- Elizabeth Perkins
- Elizabeth Sawyers
- Elizabeth Sexton b.1753
- Elizabeth Stewart
- Elizabeth Thompson
- Ellender Nelson
- Ely Mullins
- Emanuel Riddle
- Emeline Moore
- Emmanuel Bolli
- Ethel Minor Vicars
- Etta Collins b.1812
- Evelyn Orr
- Ezra Willis
- Fanny Gibson
- Fayette Willis
- Flavilla Bowen Miner
- Frances "Fannie" Green b.1765
- Frances Ann Nichols b.1816
- Frances Bunch b.1805
- Frank Harris
- Franklin Collins
- Gabriel Phipps
- George "Goldenhawk" Sizemore
- George Collins
- George Gibson
- George Gipson
- George Goins
- George Moore
- George Parker
- George Powell
- George Quillen Willis
- George R Powell
- George Ross
- George Russell b.1736
- George Sizemore
- George Terrell
- George Washington "Uncle Wash" Osborne
- George Washington Collins b.1833
- George Wilson
- George Wright
- Gideon Bunch
- Gilford Minor b.1832
- Gooden Scott
- Griffin Collins Sr
- Hannah Gibson b.1840
- Harden Williams
- Hardie Elliott Terrell Sr b.1896
- Harriet "Happy" Riddle
- Helen Wright
- Henry Brewer
- Henry Cock
- Henry Cox
- Henry Gibson
- Henry James Mullins
- Henry Morgan
- Henry R Riddle
- Henry Willis
- Hezekiah "Kiah" Gibson b.1837
- Hiram Collins b.1835
- Howel Brewer
- Hubert Carson Bell b.1916
- Hugh Green b.1687
- Ida Lou Wilson
- Ira Collins
- Ira Gibson b.1825
- Iredell Willis
- Isaac Moore
- Isaac Mullins
- Isaac Riddle
- Isabella Jones
- Isom Collins
- Isom Moore
- J M Sizemore
- J M D Willis
- Jacob Brooks
- Jacob Brown
- Jacob H Miller III b.1765
- Jacob Mullens
- James Riddle
- James Sisemore
- James "Irish Jim" Mullins b.1780
- James "Old Jim" Mullins b.1816
- James Allen
- James Biggs
- James Booker Mullins Sr b.1767
- James Colins
- James Collins
- James Couch
- James Crawford
- James Crow
- James Daniel Richardson
- James Goyne b.1755
- James Larkin Willis Jr
- James Madison Willis
- James Minor b.1845
- James Moore
- James Mullins
- James Riddle
- James Royston Fields b.1700
- James S Coleman
- James Scott
- James William Stamper Sr b.1750
- James Williams
- James Willis
- Jefferson Davis
- Jefferson Sawyers
- Jemima Osborn
- Jemina Simmes (Sinnes)
- Jenny Ann Robinson
- Jeremiah Bolling
- Jeremiah Moore Bell b.1871
- Jerry Mullins
- Jesse Bolin
- Jesse Gibson
- Jesse Scott
- Jesse Wilson
- Jessie Goin b.1794
- Jim Mullins
- Joan Wright
- John Rolfe
- John Stone
- John "Pewter John" Stamper b.1799
- John Albert Terrell b.1883
- John Alloway Strange Sr
- John Bolin
- John Bowling
- John Brown
- John Carter
- John Collins
- John Daniel Burkhart
- John E Stone
- John Gentry Sr b.1720
- John Gibson
- John Goins b.1833
- John Gowen b.1615
- John Gowen b.1750
- John Gray
- John J Robinson
- John Jackson
- John King
- John L Mullins
- John May Jr
- John McDaniel
- John Mullins
- John Mullins Sr
- John Orr
- John Phepps
- John Phillips
- John Powel
- John Rice
- John Riddle
- John Robenson
- John Sexton
- John Short
- John Stuart
- John Tyree b.1727
- John Vardeman
- John Waller Goen b.1804
- John Watts
- John White
- John Williams
- John Wilson
- John Wright
- Jonathan Brooks
- Jonathan Gibson
- Jordan Gibson
- Joseph Riddle
- Joseph Carter
- Joseph Edward Goins b.1895
- Joseph Green Gentry b.1776
- Joseph Powel
- Joseph Thompson
- Joseph Willis
- Joshua F Perkins
- Joshua Lee Collins b.1805
- Joshua Perkins
- Joshua Stone
- Judith Barnes b.1740
- Judith Fields b.1753
- Judith Moore
- Julius Nichols
- Katherine Curry
- Labourn Williams
- Lament H Willis
- Larkin Mullins
- Larkin Willis
- Lavinia Phillips
- Lela Williams
- Lesie Smith
- Letitia Collins b.1791
- Letitia Collins Williams
- Letitia Evans Mullins
- Letitia Vardeman
- Lettice Evans
- Levi Collins
- Lewis Collins
- Lewis Shepherd
- Lillie Bledsoe Willis
- Lockey Moore
- Louisa Moore
- Lucinda Russell b.1753
- Lucinda Sexton b.1841
- Lucrecy Collins
- Lucy Smith
- Ludicia "Dicey" Gibson b.1770
- Lydia Minor b.1834
- Lydia Sizemore
- Mahala "Aunt Haley" Collins b.1824
- Mahala Maynard/Minor b.1803
- Mahala Mullins
- Major Bill Nichols
- Malinda Ann Willis
- Malissa Angeline Collins b.1840
- Malvina Johnson b.1849
- Margaret "Peggy" Williams b.1776
- Margaret "Spanish Peggy" Gibson b.1773
- Margaret Carter
- Margaret E Stith
- Margaret Goins b.1859
- Margaret Smith
- Marie Kennedy Carter
- Marietta P West b.1865
- Marshall Solomon Mullins
- Martha A Gentry b.1863
- Martha Collins
- Martha Thompson b.1724
- Martha Williams
- Martin Collins
- Marvel Collins
- Mary "Polly" Boone b.1736
- Mary "Polly" Powers b.1770
- Mary "Polly" Riddle
- Mary Ann "Polly" Williams b.1814
- Mary Barnett
- Mary Dale b.1800
- Mary Day
- Mary Elizabeth Cole Thompson
- Mary Gipson
- Mary Green b.1730
- Mary Jones
- Mary Loyd White
- Mary Martha Brooks
- Mary Overman
- Mary Riddle
- Mary Roberts
- Mary Stone
- Mary Turner b.1752
- Mary Williams
- Master Gray
- Matilda Cocks
- Matilda Cox
- Matt Sisemore
- Matthew Couch
- Mattie Goins Willis
- Maxie Willis
- Meredith Collins
- Micajah "Cage" Bunch b.1733
- Micajah Turner b.1728
- Michael Bowling
- Mike Bolin
- Millie Mullins
- Morgan Collins b.1798
- Morgan Going
- Moses Bennett Jr b.1786
- Moses Bennett Sr b.1746
- Moses Riddle
- Myra Elmira Swiney Bell b.1864
- Myrtle Gibson
- Myrtle Vicars
- Nancy Ann Riddle
- Nancy Gibson
- Nancy Jane Collins b.1822
- Nancy Jane Stanley
- Nancy Mullins
- Nancy Smith
- Nancy Williams
- Nellie Mullins
- Nicholas Collins
- Nimrod Taylor
- Nora Mullins
- Obedience "Biddy" Collins b.1790
- Oliver Mullins
- Oma Willis
- Orpha Collins b.1830
- Osie Collins
- Otary Collins b.1816
- Owen Sizemore
- Owen Sizemore Jr
- Patrick Bogan
- Paul Bunch
- Pearman Gibson
- Penelope Elizabeth Willis
- Perry C Willis
- Perry Moore
- Peter Collins Sr b.1838
- Phoebe White
- Polly Gibson
- Powell Robinson
- Presley Carter
- Preston Williams
- Prudence Williams
- Rachel Gipson
- Rachel Parks b.1733
- Rachel Reed b.1805
- Randall Riddle
- Randolph Riddle
- Rebecca Russell b.1752
- Rebecca Willis
- Rebekah Smith
- Rev. Henry Taylor
- Rheubin Gipson
- Rhoda
- Rhoda Riddle
- Richard "Fighting Dick" Colley b.1793
- Richard Bennett Sr b.1609
- Richard Mullins
- Richard Rivers
- Richard Samuel Fields b.1727
- Richard Wright
- Robert Biggs
- Robert Shepard
- Robert Taylor
- Robin Lawson
- Rosa Willis
- Rubin Hall
- Rubin Mullins
- Rufus Willis
- Ruhama Willis
- Russell Vicars
- Ruth Riddle
- Ruth S Riddle
- Rutha Moore
- Sally Willis
- Sam Moore
- Sampson Hogg (Hall)
- Samuel C Williams
- Samuel Collins
- Samuel Mullins
- Samuel Nelson
- Samuel Saxton
- Samuel Stuart
- Samuel Watt
- Samuel Williams
- Samuel Wilson
- Sarah "Sallie" Anderson
- Sarah Clever Gibson b.1740
- Sarah Collins
- Sarah Elizabeth Robertson
- Sarah Katherine Turner b.1755
- Sarah Minor b.1829
- Sarah Moore
- Sarah Pruitt
- Sarah Riddle
- Sarah Smith
- Scott Collins
- Selah Minor b.1841
- Selina Norris b.1823
- Seven Gibson
- Shadrach Maynard/Minor b.1770
- Shadrack Battles
- Shadrack Monk Riddle
- Shepherd "Buck" Gibson b.1765
- Sherman Willis
- Sherwood Mullins Sr b.1793
- Silas Collins
- Silas Montgomery
- Simeon Collins
- Simeon Collins b.1803
- Solomon "Counterfeitin' Sol" Mullins b.1782
- Solomon Collins
- Solomon D "Old Sol" Collins b.1799
- Solomon Riddle
- Spicy Moore
- Squire James Gibson b.1827
- Stephen Osborn
- Stephen Wilson
- Susan "Sukie" Goins b.1799
- Susan C Willis
- Susan Minor b.1837
- Susanna Stallard
- Susanna Wilson b.1713
- Tanzie Collins b.1797
- Taylor Willis
- Thomas Alley
- Thomas Bennett
- Thomas Colley b.1740
- Thomas Collins b.1785
- Thomas Collins Jr b.1728
- Thomas Collins Sr b.1710
- Thomas Couch
- Thomas Gibson
- Thomas Gipson
- Thomas Goin b.1750
- Thomas Goins b.1729
- Thomas Goins b.1750
- Thomas Jackson
- Thomas M Stamper b.1780
- Thomas Moore
- Thomas Nelson
- Thomas Nichols
- Thomas Riddle
- Thomas Smith
- Thomas Stanley
- Thomas Stevison
- Thomson Harris
- Timothy Williams
- Tiny Collins
- Tyre Gibson
- Valentine Collins b.1765
- Vardeman "Vardy" Collins b.1764
- Vina Gibson
- Virgie L Collins Bell b.1906
- Virgil White
- Virginia Carter
- Virginia Dare
- Virginia Jane "Gincy" Goins abt.1805
- Virginia L Willis
- W W Willis
- W Willis
- Walter Willis
- Westly Moore
- Will Collins
- William "Bill" Fields
- William "Tater Bill" Stamper b.1774
- William Bean b.1702
- William Bennett b.1601
- William Bogan
- William Brown
- William Cambell
- William Cole b.1780
- William Couch
- William Cox
- William Going b.1761
- William Goyne b.1733
- William Henry Gowan b.1792
- William Moore
- William Nichols
- William O. Sizemore
- William Phipps
- William Powell
- William Reves
- William Rice
- William Riddle
- William Sexton
- William Smith
- William Thomas Gentry b.1808
- William Tyree b.1865
- William White
- William Wood
- William Wyatt
- Willie Wilson
- Wilson W Willis
- Woodson Going
- Wyatt Collins
- Zachariah Gibson
- Zachariah Minor b.1798
- Zachariah Minor Jr b.1850
- Zachariah Tyree b.1765
- Zeal Mitchol
DNA Studies
- African DNA Geographical
- American Indian DNA Project
- Carolinas Free People of Color
- Cherokee DNA Project
- Collins DNA Project
- Cumberland Gap mtDNA
- Cumberland Gap Y-DNA
- East Carolina Roots
- Melungeon Core Y-DNA Project
- Melungeon Families
- Melungeon mtDNA
- Melungeons of Magoffin County
- North Carolina New River
- Robeson Co, NC American Indian
- Saponi DNA Project
- Tuscarora DNA Project
- Virginia SW DNA Project
Flora/Fauna
Food/Ag
Given Names
- Abram
- Absalom
- Agnes
- Alba
- Allie
- Alma
- Alta
- Altamissa
- Alvena
- Ambrose
- Angelina
- Arabella
- Ardemia
- Arlie
- Arminda
- Arreny
- Artemissa
- Asseline
- Atalla
- Aurelia
- Avonia
- Barilla
- Basil
- Bouria
- Bryson
- Buena Vista
- Caldonia
- Caleb
- Callie
- Carmen
- Cassey
- Cena
- Charmie
- Colohagh
- Coroia
- Cozza
- Cuva
- Darthula
- Delila
- Delmus
- Delpha
- Derinda
- Desha
- Desinda
- Dicey
- Didama
- Didana
- Disa
- Dora
- Dovie
- Drucilla
- Drushana
- Ebenezer
- Echol
- Elijah
- Elkanah
- Elva
- Elvira
- Emanuel
- Emeretta
- Ephraim
- Evada
- Ferdinand
- Fernando
- Flavily
- Flavius
- Flora
- Fonso
- Genoa
- Herschel
- Hezekiah
- Idella
- Isaac
- Isabella
- Isabelle
- Isham
- Israel
- Jaeley
- Jaelia
- Jemima
- Jeremiah
- Joab
- Jobe
- Josiah
- Juanita
- Judah
- Judith
- Keziah
- Lapluma
- Lathan
- Launa
- Lavinia
- Lemuel
- Lenora
- Leonidus
- Leroy
- Letha
- Letitia
- Levi
- Locado
- Lolla
- Lorenzo
- Louda
- Louemma
- Louisa
- Louisiana
- Lovella
- Lucinda
- Ludicia
- Lula
- Lydia
- Mae
- Mahala
- Marcus
- Marguerite
- Mariah
- Mecca
- Melpha
- Meredith
- Micajah
- Minda
- Minerva
- Minnia
- Miriam
- Mogella
- Montavia
- Mosco
- Moses
- Mossia
- Myhr
- Myrtle
- Nannie
- Naomi
- Nathan
- Nevada
- Nicatie
- Nila
- Obadiah
- Obedience
- Oberia
- Obijah
- Ollie May
- Onia
- Ophelia
- Orlena
- Orpha
- Osta
- Palistine
- Pennetia
- Rachel
- Ramona
- Reuben
- Rhoda
- Rintha
- Rosa
- Rosabecca
- Rosanna
- Ruhaney
- Saluda
- Saphronia
- Sarida
- Sciota
- Sebastian
- Sedonia
- Sefronia
- Serapta
- Serena
- Siala
- Sina
- Solomon
- Sucky
- Sylvan
- Tabitha
- Tempa
- Tennie
- Valentine
- Vardeman
- Vestine
- Vinetta
- Viola
- Zachariah
- Zion
- Zouria
Historical Events
- American Revolution
- Bacon's Rebellion
- Battle of Hayes Pond
- Battle of King's Mountain
- Battle of Lookout Mountain
- Battle of Parker's Ferry
- Blair Mountain War
- Cane Ridge Revival
- Cherokee Expedition
- Cherokee-American Wars
- Civil War
- Cold Creek War
- Creek War
- French and Indian War
- French Revolution
- Holocaust
- Indian Massacre of 1622
- Lord Dunmore's War
- Loving v. Virginia
- Orange County War
- Powhatan-English War
- Revolutionary War
- Spanish Inquisition
- Spanish-American War
- The Seminole Wars
- Trail of Tears
- Tuscarora War
- Walk Toward the Sunset
- War of 1812
- World War I
- World War II
- Yamasee War
- Yellow Creek Massacre
Lists/Rolls
- Analysis of Surnames and Points of Origin for First American Jewish Families
- Brass Ankles (South Carolina)
- Carmel Indians (Ohio)
- Carter Family: Melungeon Given Names
- Cherokee Freedman Surnames
- Chickasaw Freedman Surnames
- Choctaw Freedman Surnames
- Common Points of Origin and Arrival Sites for First American Jewish Families
- Creek Freedman Surnames
- Cubans (North Carolina)
- Early American Jews with Melungeon Surnames in Melungeon Settled Areas
- Free Black Surnames (Albemarle County)
- Germanna Colonies: Surname Listing
- Guineas (West Virginia Melungeon)
- Knights Templar of Tennessee (Scottish Ride Freemasons)
- List of Lumbee Surnames with Dates
- List of Troops at Moore's Fort - 30 June 1777
- Lumbee/Croatan Indian (North and South Carolina)
- Melungeon-Related Surnames (North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky)
- Most Common Given Names among First American Jewish Families
- Officers and "Gentlemen in the Company" at the Roanoke Island Settlement
- Pamunkey/Powhatan Indians (Virginia)
- Persons Who Signed the Act of Incorporation for Wise County, Virginia (1856)
- Purrysburgh Colony, Beaufort County, SC, 1743
- Recognized Melungeon Names Today
- Recognized Names of Magoffin County Group
- Redbones (Louisiana via the Carolinas)
- Roanoke Island Settlers Who Safely Arrived in Virginia and Remained There
- Seminole Surnames - Freedman and Blood Rolls
- Sephardic Surnames Coincident with Melungeon Given and Surnames
- Southwestern Virginia Colonial Settlers Attacked by French & Indians, 1754-1756
- Surnames from the 1900 Federal Census Enumerated as Indian (For the South and Upper South)
- Surnames of Probable Melungeon Descent
- Surnames of the Tri-Racial Families of the Upper South
- Surnames, by Counties and Cities, of Mixed Negroid Virginia Families Striving to Pass as “Indian” or White
- The Index and Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedman of the Cherokee Tribe in Indian Territory
- The Original 44 Enslaved Families of Sapelo Island
- Vardy Community Cemetery, aka: Vardy Presbyterian
- Washington County, Virginia Settlers (1777-1784)
Occupations
Origin Theories
Paths/Routes
Peoples
- African
- Asian
- Baptists
- Black Dutch
- Black German
- Black Irish
- Black Jacksons
- Black Nashes
- Black Tollivers
- Bushwhackers
- Caribbean
- Catholic Jesuits
- Celts
- Chesapeake Bay Colonies
- Chickamauga
- Chisca
- Cimarron
- Cole Nation
- Confederate Guerrillas
- conquistadors
- Continental Army
- corsairs
- Dominican missionaries
- Anglo-Saxon
- Balkan
- British
- Central European
- Cornish
- Croatian
- Danish
- Dutch
- Eastern European
- English
- French
- Galician
- German
- Icelandic
- Northern European
- Norwegian
- Prussian
- Scots-Irish
- Scottish
- Slovenian
- Southern European
- Welsh
- Western European
- Flemish
- Free People of Color
- Freemasons
- French Canadian
- Goodman Chiefs
- Goose Creek Men
- Greasy Rock Indians
- Haliwa Indians
- Haliwa-Saponi
- Henderson Settlement
- Iberian
- Incas
- Indian Mound Settlement
- Indigenous
- Irish
- Israelites
- Italian
- Jesuit missionaries
- Jewish
- Kickapoo
- Knights Templar
- Koi & San tribes
- Lamanites
- Latino
- Lost Colony of Roanoke
- Lost Tribes of Israel
- Maroons
- Mecca Indians
- Mediterranean
- Middle Eastern
- Mixed Ancestry
- Mongolian
- Moriscos
- Mormons
- Mudejar
- Muslim
- Nahua
- Nanticoke
- Norse
- Pacific Islander
- pardos
- Paspahegh
- Pee Dee Indians
- Pequot
- Phoenicians
- Pochick
- Pochick-Nansemond
- Puritans
- Quakers
- Redbones
- Robeson County Indians
- Rockingham Indians
- Romans
- Sea Peoples
- Shakers
- South American
- Turks of South Carolina
- Viking
- Vinton County Indians
- Walloon
- Woccon
Places
- Africa
- Alamance County, NC
- Alec Mountain
- Algeria
- Angola
- Appalachia
- Appalachian Mountains
- Appomattox River
- Armenia
- Asia
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Barbary Coast
- Beaver Creek Church
- Berry Site
- Big Creek
- Big Poor Valley
- Big Sycamore Creek
- Blackwater Lick Church
- Blackwater Swamp
- Blackwater Valley
- Blackwater Valley Road
- Blue Ridge
- Blue Ridge Mountains
- Boston, MA
- Brazil
- Broad River
- Brown Mountain
- Canada
- Canary Islands
- Cane Ridge (Bourbon Co, KY)
- Caney Valley
- Caribbean (region)
- Carthage
- Catawba River
- Catechna (Tuscarora town)
- Caunookehoe (Tuscarora town)
- Cave Ridge
- Cave Ridge School
- Central Mexico
- Chesapeake Bay
- Chesapeake Bay Colonies
- Chickamauga Creek
- Chowan River
- Clear Fork Baptist Church
- Clinch Mountain
- Clinch River
- Clouds Creek
- College Creek
- Collins Boarding House
- Croatoan
- Cuba
- Cumberland Mountains
- Cumberland River
- Cumberland Road
- Dan River
- Dry Valley of Big Ridge
- Dud Creek
- Elk Creek
- Elk Creek Knob
- England Grist Mill
- England Valley
- Eno River
- Etowah
- Eurasia
- Europe
- Fisher Cemetery
- Fisher Farm
- Fisher Valley
- Fisher Valley School (Walnut Grove)
- Flat River
- Flat River Baptist Church
- Florida
- Flower Gap
- Fort Blackmore
- Fort Christanna
- Georgia
- Gibbs High School
- Goins Chapel Church
- Goose Creek
- Grassy Springs
- Greasy Rock
- Great Bush Nut Creek
- Great Dismal Swamp
- Great Trading Path
- Great Wagon Road
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guilford County, NC
- Haruta (Tuscarora town)
- Haw River
- High Knob
- Highland Cemetery
- Hillsborough Saponi Indian Reservation
- Hogpen Gap (Union Co, GA)
- Holston River
- Hunters Valley
- Hurd/Goins Cemetery
- Indian Ridge
- Innennits (Tuscarora town)
- Ireland
- James River
- Judaculla Rock
- Kenta (Tuscarora town)
- King's Mountain
- Kingdom of Benin
- Lake View School
- Liberia
- Licking River
- Little Tennessee River
- Lookout Mountain
- Madeira Island
- Magnolia School House
- Malinda Ferry Bridge
- Martin's Creek
- Matney Mountain
- McKinney Church Cemetery
- Meherrin River
- Michigan
- Minor Cemetery
- Mocassin Gap
- Moore's Spring
- Morgan's Station
- Morocco
- Mossy Creek
- Mulberry Creek
- Mulberry Gap-Sneedville Road
- Mule Ford
- Mullins (Marion Co, SC)
- Natchez Trace
- Neoheroka (Tuscarora town)
- New River
- Nonawharitsa (Tuscarora town)
- North America
- Mexico
- United States
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Eastern U.S.
- Eastern Woodlands (region)
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Bell County, KY
- Boyd County, KY
- Breathitt County, KY
- Carter County, KY
- Clay County, KY
- Cumberland County, KY
- Eastern Kentucky
- Elliott County, KY
- Floyd County, KY
- Greenup County, KY
- Harlan County, KY
- Johnson County, KY
- Knott County, KY
- Knox County, KY
- Lawrence County, KY
- Leslie County, KY
- Letcher County, KY
- Magoffin County, KY
- Martin County, KY
- Menifee County, KY
- Montgomery County, KY
- Morgan County, KY
- Owsley County, KY
- Perry County, KY
- Pike County, KY
- Rowan County, KY
- Wolfe County, KY
- Lake Drummond
- Louisiana
- Lowcountry (region)
- Mississippi
- Montana
- North Carolina
- Albemarle Sound
- Alexander County, NC
- Alleghany County, NC
- Ashe County, NC
- Bertie County, NC
- Buncombe County, NC
- Burke County, NC
- Caldwell County, NC
- Caswell County, NC
- Cherokee, NC
- Chowan County, NC
- Dare County, NC
- Durham County, NC
- Eastern North Carolina
- Franklin County, NC
- Granville County, NC
- Halifax County, NC
- Hyde County, NC
- Iredell County, NC
- Kittrell, NC
- Macon County, NC
- Moore County, NC
- Nash County, NC
- Orange County, NC
- Person County, NC
- Qualla Boundary, NC
- Robeson County, NC
- Rockingham County, NC
- Rowan County, NC
- Snowbird (Graham Co, NC)
- Stokes County, NC
- Surry County, NC
- Swain County, NC
- Swannanoa, NC
- Tyrrell County, NC
- Wake County, NC
- Warren County, NC
- Washington County, NC
- Watauga County, NC
- Wilkes County, NC
- Yadkin County, NC
- Yancey County, NC
- Oklahoma
- South Carolina
- Southeastern U.S.
- Southern U.S.
- Tennessee
- Campbell County, TN
- Cannon County, TN
- Carter County, TN
- Claiborne County, TN
- Cocke County, TN
- East Tennessee
- Grainger County, TN
- Greene County, TN
- Hamblen County, TN
- Hamilton County, TN
- Hancock County, TN
- Andy Gibson Cemetery (Hancock Co, TN)
- Big Ridge (Hancock Co, TN)
- Camp Jackson (Hancock Co, TN)
- Copper Ridge (Hancock Co, TN)
- Fisher's Valley (Hancock Co, TN)
- Goins Chapel Cemetery (Hancock Co, TN)
- Goins-Hurd Cemetery (Hancock Co, TN)
- Kyle's Ford (Hancock Co, TN)
- Little War Creek (Hancock Co, TN)
- Looney's Gap (Hancock Co, TN)
- Mahala Mullins' cabin (Hancock Co, TN)
- Mulberry Gap (Hancock Co, TN)
- Newman's Ridge (Hancock Co, TN)
- Panther Creek (Hancock Co, TN)
- Prospect Ridge (Hancock Co, TN)
- Snake Hollow (Hancock Co, TN)
- Sneedville (Hancock Co, TN)
- Trent Cemetery (Hancock Co, TN)
- Trent's Chapel (Hancock Co, TN)
- Vardy Community School
- Vardy Valley (Hancock Co, TN)
- War Creek (Hancock Co, TN)
- Hawkins County, TN
- Jefferson County, TN
- Knox County, TN
- Loudon County, TN
- Monroe County, TN
- Montgomery County, TN
- Morgan County, TN
- Rhea County, TN
- Roane County, TN
- Rutherford County, TN
- Sevier County, TN
- Stewart County, TN
- Sullivan County, TN
- Union County, TN
- Washington County, TN
- Wilson County, TN
- Virginia
- Albemarle County, VA
- Alleghany County, VA
- Amherst County, VA
- Arlington County, VA
- Augusta County, VA
- Bedford County, VA
- Bennett's Plantation
- Bland County, VA
- Boone County, VA
- Botetourt County, VA
- Brunswick County, VA
- Campbell County, VA
- Caroline County, VA
- Carroll County, VA
- Charles City County, VA
- Clinch Valley
- Culpepper County, VA
- Cumberland County, VA
- Dickenson County, VA
- Elizabeth City County, VA
- Essex County, VA
- Fauquier County, VA
- Franklin County, VA
- Giles County, VA
- Grayson County, VA
- Greenbrier County, VA (now WV)
- Greene County, VA
- Halifax County, VA
- Hanover County, VA
- Henrico County, VA
- Henry County, VA
- Isle of Wight County, VA
- Jamestown
- King and Queen County, VA
- King William County, VA
- King's Creek (York Co, VA)
- Lancaster County, VA
- Lee County, VA
- Louisa County, VA
- Lunenburg County, VA
- Montgomery County, VA
- New Kent County, VA
- Newport News, VA
- Norfolk County, VA
- Northampton County, VA
- Orange County, VA
- Patrick County, VA
- Point Comfort, VA
- Portsmouth, VA
- Prince William County, VA
- Richmond, VA
- Roanoke County, VA
- Rockbridge County, VA
- Rockingham County, VA
- Russell County, VA
- Scott County, VA
- Smyth County, VA
- Southwest Virginia
- Tazewell County, VA
- Tidewater Virginia
- Washington County, VA
- Westmoreland County, VA
- Williamsburg, VA
- Wise County, VA
- Wythe County, VA
- York County, VA
- West Virginia
- North Anna River
- North River
- Nusoorooka (Tuscarora town)
- Ohio
- Ohio River
- Ohio River Valley
- Old Goinstown School
- Old South
- Old Spanish Fort
- Old Stage Road
- Old Stone Fort
- Ollie Church
- Pacific Islands
- Pamunkey River
- Pee Dee River
- Pennington Gap
- Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, PA
- Pine Grove
- Pleasant Grove
- Plymouth, MA
- Point Pleasant
- Potomac River
- Powell Mountain
- Powell River
- Rappahannock River
- Rarocaithee (Tuscarora town)
- Rebel Hollow
- Reed Creek
- Resootka (Tuscarora town)
- Riddle Creek
- Roanoke River
- Robinette's Chapel Church
- Rock Castle Church
- Rockcastle War Gap Church
- Sabine River
- Sand Mountain
- Santa Elena
- Scotland
- Sea Islands
- Shenandoah River
- Shenandoah Valley
- Siberia
- Sierra Leone
- Smoky Mountains
- Sneedville Road
- Spanish Florida
- Swift's Silver Mines
- Tabbs Creek
- Tasqui (Tuscarora town)
- Tennesee River
- Tervanihow (Tuscarora town)
- the Appalachian South
- the Mountain South
- the South
- Three Chopped Way
- Toisnot (Tuscarora town)
- Torhunta (Tuscarora town)
- Trent River
- Turkey
- Tygart River
- Ucohnerunt (Tuscarora town)
- Underground Railroad
- unknown
- Valley Forge
- Vardy Community Center
- Walden's Creek
- Walden's Ridge
- Walnut Grove Church
- Wilderness Trail
- William Church
- Yadkin River Valley
- York River
- Zachariah Minor Cemetery
Resources
- "Genocide in America", John King (Day 1)
- "Mixed Blood" Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South
- "Of Portuguese Origin": Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the "Little Races" in Nineteenth-Century America
- "The Melungeons of Appalachia", Heather Andolina (Day 2)
- "We Are Still Here": American Indians Since 1890
- "We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible": A Reader in Black Women's History
- "What Ain't Called Melungeons is Called Hillbillies": Southern Appalachia's In-Between People
- “Not Negroes nor Slaves but Free People”: Free People of Color in the Colonial Southeast Indian Trade
- 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
- 1619 - Twenty Africans: Their Story, and Discovery of Their Black, Red, & White Descendants
- 1755 Orange County, North Carolina Tax List
- 1790 U.S. Census - Wilkes County, North Carolina
- 1800 U.S. Census - Morgan Twp, Ashe County, North Carolina
- 1820 U.S. Census - Floyd County, Kentucky
- 1820 U.S. Census - Prestonsburg, Floyd County, Kentucky
- 1830 U.S. Census - Floyd County, Kentucky
- 1830 U.S. Census - Hawkins County, Tennessee
- 1830 U.S. Census - Morgan County, Kentucky
- 1840 U.S. Census - Hawkins County, Tennessee
- 1840 U.S. Census - Morgan County, Kentucky
- 1850 U.S. Census - Morgan County, Kentucky
- 1850 U.S. Census - Subdivision 32, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1850 U.S. Census - Subdivision 33, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1850 U.S. Census, Slave Schedule - Subdivision 32, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1850 U.S. Census, Slave Schedule - Subdivision 33, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1850 U.S. Census, Slave Schedule - Wilkes County, North Carolina
- 1860 U.S. Census - Division 2, Morgan County, Kentucky
- 1860 U.S. Census - Panther Creek, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1860 U.S. Census, Slave Schedule - Wilkes County, North Carolina (Lower Division)
- 1870 U.S. Census - Barnett's Creek, Johnson County, Kentucky
- 1870 U.S. Census - District 11, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 1870 U.S. Census - Paintsville, Johnson County, Kentucky
- 1880 U.S. Census - District 91, Hancock County, Tennessee
- 2023 Melungeon Heritage Sound Project
- A Church Book for Stony Creek Church
- A Darkness at Dawn: Appalachian Kentucky and the Future
- A Geographic Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in Eastern United States
- A History of Blacks in Kentucky from Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891
- A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: Portugal
- A History of the United States: The Planting of a Nation in the New World, 1000 - 1660
- A History of the Valley of Virginia
- A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke
- A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca
- A Melungeon Winter
- A Note on the Melungeons
- A Panel of Ancestry Informative Markers for Estimating Individual Biogeographical Ancestry and Admixture From Four Continents: Utility and Applications
- A Peculiar People: The Melungeons
- A Question of Indian Identity in the Plecker Era: The Monacan Indian Nation in the Twentieth Century
- A Study of Tri-Racial Isolates in Eastern United States
- A Wandering Tribe: Dispersal of the Catawba Nation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
- Advanced Genetic Genealogy: Techniques and Case Studies
- Adventures in the Gene Pool
- Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples
- Africans in the Americas: A History of the Black Diaspora
- All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life
- Alliances: Re/Envisioning Indigenous-Non-indigenous Relationships
- Almost White: A Study of Certain Racial Hybrids in the Eastern United States
- American Colonies: The Settling of North America
- American Migration Routes, Part 1: Indian Paths, Post Roads & Wagon Roads
- American Routes: Racial Palimpsests and the Transformation of Race
- An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States
- An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
- An Introduction to the Guineas: West Virginia's Melungeons
- An Overview of the Phenomenon of Mixed Racial Isolates in the United States
- Analysis of a Tri-Racial Isolate
- Ancestral Lineage Healing
- Ancestral Medicine: Rituals for Personal and Family Healing
- Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas
- Appalachian Elegy: Poetry and Place
- Appalachian Magazine's Mountain Superstitions, Ghost Stories & Haint Tales
- Appalachian Reckoning: A Region Responds to Hillbilly Elegy
- Appalachian Women: An Annotated Bibliography
- Appalachians and Race: The Mountain South from Slavery to Segregation
- Are Redbones and Melungeons Related?
- Arrival of the First Africans in Virginia
- Arts and Crafts of the Cherokee
- Ascribed Ethnicity and the Ethnic Display Event: The Melungeons of Hancock County, Tennessee
- Becoming Catawba: Catawba Indian Women and Nation-Building, 1540-1840
- Becoming Kin: An Indigenous Call to Unforgetting the Past and Reimagining Our Future
- Becoming Melungeon: Making an Ethnic Identity in the Appalachian South
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- Hear the Pound, Virginia, BAD Buildings Final Report
- Here's the 2025 List of Most Endangered Historic Places in the U.S.
- How cutting DEI could cost West Virginians safe drinking water, broadband access and work force participation
- How Much Did Climate Change Affect our Ancestors’ Migration?
- How this Appalachian Author Turned Her Stories into a Thriving Business
- How to Find DNA Test-Takers with Descendancy Research
- How to Find Records Faster with FamilySearch’s Catalogs
- How to Upload DNA Data from 23andMe, Ancestry and other Testing Companies
- How we heal together: the potential of Black and Indigenous solidarity
- Impact of drastic federal funding cuts on tribal colleges, universities would be ‘extremely dire’
- Indigenous human rights abuses? Trump administration cut them from annual report
- July's Mountain Wildflower: Columbine
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- Juneteenth Canceled? Maybe That’s Okay…
- Keep Your MAGA Hands Off My Music
- Keeper of the Cherokee Spirit: The Legacy of Swimmer, Storyteller and Sage
- Meanwhile in Appalachia
- MHA 29th Union/conference Vardy Valley Event
- Microbes, Christopher Columbus, and Blackbeard
- Mitotree Webinar – What It Is, How We Did It, and What Mitotree Means to You
- MORE Secrets to Stunning Research Reports: Google Docs for Genealogy
- Mountain Warmth: A Photo Essay
- National Park signage encourages the public to help erase negative stories at its sites
- New Moon Ritual Ideas
- New study finds ‘statistical erasure’ of Indigenous mortality leads to under-representation
- Newly proposed Endangered Species Act bill could lessen tribal consultation requirements
- NPR wants to hear from interracial couples to commemorate Loving Day
- On Language and Inclusivity at Ancestral Medicine
- On Language and Inclusivity at Ancestral Medicine
- Our Voice, Our Power: Creating the Next Generation of BIPOC Leaders in West Virginia
- PBS Show Features Conserving Carolina Restorations
- Potential Pell Grant changes could unfairly impact Native college students
- Powwow Season Is Here, and So Is Our 2025 Powwow Guide
- Preserving the CDFI Fund
- Quality vs. Quantity
- Quilts by Black craftspeople need to be preserved — but funds have been pulled
- Reflections on the Aftermath of Hurricane Helene on Northeast Tennessee
- Reporting on Medicaid in Kentucky
- Rewilding 7,000 Acres of Eastern Kentucky’s Mined Land
- Rhiannon Giddens' new music festival celebrates Black music, art, culture in N.C.
- Rock The Rez brings musical empowerment and glam to Indigenous kids
- Southwest Virginia counties pass resolutions supporting black lung benefit increases
- Southwest Virginia’s Solar Summit for Rural Appalachia
- Speed Up Tree Building in RootsMagic with This Powerful Tool: Copy Fact
- Spotting Relatives When There's No Will: A Genealogy Research Case Study
- Spring Flowers Are Abundant in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- Storyteller Tuesday Challenge - Rowdy Renegade
- Take Me Home – Locating Your Ancestor’s Birthplace
- Taking Stock: A Reminder of the BWWW Mission
- The Art of Genealogy Storytelling Without Altering Your Ancestor's Past
- The Brown Mountain Lights: Appalachia’s Mysterious Phenomenon
- The Food Legacy of Native Americans
- The Food Legacy of Native Americans: Bean Benefits
- The Food Legacy of Native Americans: Corn, Beans and Squash
- The Food Legacy of Native Americans: Variations
- The Forgotten Ones
- The International Genealogical Index: How Can I Use It for My Genealogy Research?
- The nation’s oldest and largest Indigenous sorority is bracing for DEI orders
- The transfer of a sacred site to a copper mine is delayed once again
- These fragile quilts by Black craftspeople need to be preserved — but the federal government has pulled the funds
- These fragile quilts by Black craftspeople need to be preserved — but the federal government has pulled the funds
- Things We Never Learned in School...
- Through the Keyhole
- Toledo Museum to celebrate Juneteenth
- Tools for Translating Records – An Interview with Rick Crume
- Tracing the Family Lines, Crowell
- Tracing Your Ancestors’ Lives: A Guide to Social History for Family Historians Summary
- Transco submits application for Southeast Supply Enhancement Project pipeline
- Transform Chaos into Clarity: Clean Up Place Names in Family Tree Maker
- Translating Old Genealogy Records: 20 Top Tools
- Tribes celebrate record economic impact in Oklahoma
- Trump Administration Cutting Vital Health and Safety Services for Miners
- Trump wants to cut tribal college funding by nearly 90%, putting them at risk of closing
- Tuesday's Test: Notetaking Practices
- Tulsa mayor wants private trust fund as form of reparation for Tulsa Massacre
- Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy
- Update to the 29th Annual MHA Union/Conference
- Water, Water Everywhere and Very Little Prayer
- We are thrilled to announce the arrival of new official Lumbee Tribe merchandise!
- We're looking forward to this year's Men's Fancy Dance contest. Some of the Fastest in Indian Country!!!
- What is Herbalism?
- What Solar Means for Buckhorn Children and Family Services
- Who Comes First? How to Choose the Right Ancestor to Start Your Family Tree
- Why Aren't Family Histories Being Preserved? A Genealogist's Perspective
- Why Cutting LIHEAP Is a Deadly Blow to Eastern Kentucky
- Why the ‘RIGHT’ Genealogy Citation Style Might Not Be What You Think
- World War II Genealogy Research: 5 Key Records
- Your Ultimate Guide to US Genealogy
- Yurok Tribe reclaims sacred land
Surnames
- Adam
- Adams
- Adcock
- Adkins
- Ailstock
- Aitken
- Alestock
- Allan
- Allen
- Alley
- Allmond
- Alloway
- Anderson
- Angel
- Arnold
- Arrington
- Arthurs
- Ashe
- Ashworth
- Atwells
- Austie
- Austin
- Ayston
- Bailey
- Bails
- Baker
- Ballintine
- Banks
- Bannister
- Barker
- Barlow
- Barnes
- Barnett
- Barry
- Barton
- Bass
- Battles
- Bean
- Beckler
- Bedgood
- Belcher
- Belches
- Bell
- Bennet
- Bennett
- Berry
- Beverley
- Beverly
- Biam
- Biars
- Biggs
- Birch
- Bird
- Blackford
- Bledsoe
- Blount
- Boatman
- Bolden
- Bolen
- Boles
- Bolin
- Boling
- Bolling
- Bolton
- Boone
- Boson
- Boughton
- Bow
- Bowen
- Bowlen
- Bowles
- Bowlin
- Bowling
- Bowls
- Bowman
- Bradby
- Bradley
- Bradly
- Branham
- Braveboy
- Brawn
- Bray
- Brent
- Brewer
- Bridger
- Briger
- Briggs
- Bright
- Brock
- Brogan
- Brooks
- Brown
- Browne
- Bryan
- Bryant
- Buck
- Bullion
- Bunch
- Burden
- Burley
- Burnett
- Burnette
- Burruss
- Burton
- Bush
- Butler
- Butter
- Butters
- Buttery
- Buttrey
- Buxton
- Byrd
- Cameron
- Campbell
- Canaira
- Cane
- Carico
- Carpenter
- Carr
- Carrico
- Carry
- Carten
- Carter
- Cartner
- Cash
- Cassell
- Casteel
- Castle
- Caudill
- Cauley
- Chaffin
- Chafin
- Chambers
- Chapman
- Chaves
- Chavis
- Christian
- Church
- Clark
- Clement
- Clemons
- Clerk
- Cloud
- Coal
- Cocke
- Coe
- Coffey
- Coffie
- Cogbill
- Colbert
- Cole
- Coleman
- Coles
- Colley
- Collier
- Collins
- Collinsworth
- Colnon
- Colyer
- Congleton
- Cook
- Cooke
- Cooper
- Corn
- Corry
- Corum
- Cotman
- Cottrill
- Couch
- Counts
- Cousins
- Cowan
- Cowen
- Cox
- Coxe
- Craig
- Crank
- Crawford
- Criel
- Crispin
- Crone
- Cross
- Croston
- Crow
- Cruck
- Crum
- Cumba
- Cumbo
- Cumbow
- Currie
- Curry
- Custalow
- Cutright
- Dalton
- Dare
- Davenport
- Davis
- Day
- Deleny
- Delph
- Denham
- Denlevy
- Dennis
- Dial
- Dick
- Dingus
- Dixon
- Doggett
- Donathan
- Dorsey
- Dorton
- Douglass
- Dove
- Doyle
- Drew
- Driggers
- Duff
- Dula
- Duncan
- Dungee
- Dungoe
- Dunlop
- Dye
- Dyess
- Edwards
- Elliott
- Elstock
- Ely
- England
- Epperson
- Epps
- Evans
- Eve
- Eves
- Evins
- Faro
- Farrar
- Farrow
- Fergerson
- Ferguson
- Fields
- Fisher
- Fitz
- Fitzpatrick
- Fletcher
- Floyd
- Foraker
- Forester
- Forguson
- Forrester
- Forst
- Fortune
- Foster
- Freeman
- French
- Frost
- Fryer
- Fugate
- Gaines
- Gallagher
- Gambell
- Gambill
- Gann
- Gardner
- Garland
- Garner
- Garnett
- Garrett
- Gary
- Gasaway
- Gassaway
- Gasway
- Gaynes
- Gentry
- Ghibbs
- Gibb
- Gibbon
- Gibbs
- Gibbson
- Gibson
- Gilbert
- Gilmore
- Gipson
- Givens
- Goan
- Goans
- Goen
- Goens
- Goin
- Goine
- Going
- Goings
- Goins
- Goldmine
- Goodman
- Gordon
- Gorvens
- Gowan
- Gowen
- Gowin
- Gowing
- Graham
- Grant
- Gray
- Green
- Greene
- Grey
- Griffin
- Grimes
- Grovner
- Gutridge
- Guy
- Gwinn
- Gwyn
- Gwynn
- Haile
- Haitcock
- Haith
- Haithcock
- Hald
- Hale
- Hall
- Hamilton
- Hammon
- Hammond
- Hand
- Handy
- Hant
- Harmon
- Harris
- Hartless
- Harvey
- Harvie
- Hass
- Hatter
- Hawkes
- Hawkins
- Haye
- Hayes
- Hays
- Head
- Heal
- Hedge
- Hemings
- Hemmings
- Hendricks
- Hendrix
- Herrell
- Herrill
- Hicks
- Hill
- Hillery
- Hillman
- Hitchens
- Hite
- Hodge
- Hoffman
- Hogg
- Hogge
- Holland
- Holmes
- Hopkins
- Howe
- Hughes
- Hurd
- Hurt
- Hurton
- Husbands
- Hyatt
- Hyle
- Ingle
- Ingram
- Isaacs
- Jackson
- James
- Jefferies
- Johns
- Johnson
- Joines
- Jonas
- Jones
- Kayle
- Kean
- Keene
- Keith
- Keller
- Kennada
- Kennady
- Kennedy
- Kenney
- Kenny
- Khourie
- Kidd
- Kincaid
- King
- Kinney
- Kinny
- Kiser
- Kyle
- Lacy
- Lane
- Langston
- Lasie
- Lawhorn
- Lawless
- Lawson
- Leighton
- Leitch
- Lemon
- Lethcoe
- Lewis
- Lews
- Liggons
- Lipscomb
- Little
- Locado
- Locklear
- London
- Long
- Lopes
- Lopez
- Love
- Lowry
- Lucas
- Lymas
- Maddox
- Maggard
- Mahoney
- Mainard
- Major
- Male
- Maloney
- Malony
- Mann
- Manor
- Marks
- Marrin
- Marsh
- Marten
- Martin
- Mason
- Matin
- Matthews
- Maxey
- Maxwell
- Maye
- Mayes
- Mayho
- Mayle
- Maynard
- Maynor
- Mayo
- Mays
- McCarty
- McDaniel
- McGreen
- McGuire
- McKenney
- McVey
- Meade
- Meadows
- Mention
- Merley
- Messer
- Michie
- Middlebrook
- Midlebrook
- Miles
- Miller
- Mills
- Milson
- Minard
- Miner
- Minor
- Minton
- Mise
- Misor
- Mitchell
- Mitchol
- Mizer
- Monroe
- Moon
- Mooney
- Moore
- Moorman
- More
- Moreland
- Morgan
- Morley
- Mosely
- Moss
- Mozingo
- Mullens
- Mullins
- Mureen
- Murray
- Mursh
- Nash
- Neice
- Nelson
- Newby
- Newman
- Niccans
- Nichols
- Nickalds
- Nickens
- Nickols
- Noel
- Norris
- Oliff
- Orr
- Osborn
- Osborne
- Owens
- Oxandine
- Oxendine
- Page
- Paine
- Painter
- Palmer
- Parker
- Parkes
- Parkey
- Parkins
- Parks
- Parry
- Patterson
- Payne
- Perkins
- Perry
- Pettiford
- Phelps
- Philips
- Phillips
- Phipps
- Pickman
- Pinder
- Piniore
- Pleasants
- Poindexter
- Polk
- Polly
- Pompey
- Porter
- Powell
- Powers
- Prince
- Prinder
- Pritchard
- Proctor
- Proffitt
- Pruit
- Pruitt
- Pugsley
- Pultz
- Pumphrey
- Quarles
- Rains
- Ramey
- Ramsey
- Randolph
- Rasnake
- Rasnick
- Reaves
- Redcross
- Reed
- Reeves
- Revels
- Revills
- Rice
- Richards
- Richardson
- Rickman
- Riddle
- Riley
- Rily
- Riss
- Rivers
- Roberson
- Roberts
- Robertson
- Robinson
- Rogers
- Ross
- Rowe
- Royce
- Russell
- Salmons
- Salyer
- Sammons
- Sampson
- Sams
- Sandrige
- Sawyer
- Scott
- Segar
- Sexton
- Shavis
- Shelton
- Shepard
- Shephard
- Shepherd
- Shiflett
- Short
- Shortt
- Simmons
- Sizemore
- Slaughter
- Smiling
- Smith
- Smyth
- Sorrell
- Southards
- Spargur
- Spaulding
- Spears
- Speers
- Spinner
- Spotward
- Spurlock
- Staley
- Stallard
- Stamper
- Stanley
- Steel
- Step
- Stevens
- Stevison
- Stewart
- Stillwell
- Stitt
- Stone
- Strother
- Sturr
- Sweat
- Sweatt
- Swett
- Swift
- Swindall
- Tackett
- Taliafero
- Tally
- Tate
- Taylor
- Terrell
- Terry
- Thomas
- Thompson
- Thurman
- Tipton
- Tolliver
- Toodle
- Tovlaer
- Townsend
- Tucker
- Tuppance
- Tupponce
- Turk
- Turley
- Turner
- Tyre
- Tyree
- Tyrrell
- Tyson
- Underwood
- VanCleve
- Vanover
- Vanzant
- Vicars
- Viccars
- Vickers
- Wade
- Wairmine
- Walker
- Wallen
- Ward
- Ware
- Washburn
- Watkins
- Watson
- Watts
- Weaver
- Webster
- Wells
- West
- Whitaker
- White
- Whited
- Whitely
- Whitmore
- Whitt
- Whitted
- Whittey
- Whitty
- Wilborne
- Wilbourn
- Wilburn
- Wiles
- Wilhelms
- Wilkins
- Willborn
- William
- Williams
- Williamson
- Willis
- Wilson
- Winburn
- Winkler
- Winn
- Wisby
- Wise
- Wisecup
- Wolf
- Wolfe
- Wood
- Woods
- Worley
- Worrell
- Wright
- Wyatt
- Wylly
- Wynn
- Young
Tables/Charts
- 1870 Census of Mestizos in Brush Creek Township, Highland County, Ohio
- 1950 Census of Guinea Population
- Age/Place of Birth Correlation Among Mestizos Residing in Brush Creek Township in 1870
- Area Residential Telephones by Group Surnames
- Correlation of Family Surnames and Decade of Death
- Correlation of Melungeon and Colonial Era Free African American Surnames
- Distribution of Occaneechi Families by Surname In Trans-Appalachian Settlements
- Mean Measure of Divergence of Melungeons from Other Populations
- Mestizo Age at Death and Chronology of Interment
- Mestizo Surnames and Racial Classification In Magoffin County, 1850-1880
- Occurrence of Floyd, Magoffin, and Highland County Mestizo Surnames on Eastern Cherokee Tribal Rolls, 1817-1924
- Occurrence of Melungeon Surnames Among Other Mestizo Groups
- Occurrence of Melungeon Surnames on Eastern Cherokee Tribal Rolls, 1817-1924
- Possible Genealogy of Stephen Perkins, 1810 Resident of Floyd County, Kentucky
- Possible Melungeon-related Interments in Northwestern Perry County, Kentucky
- Possible Melungeon-related Interments in Whitley County, Kentucky
- Regional Distribution of Melungeon Surnames
- Summary of Non-Melungeon Indian Remnant Groups in Southern Appalachia and the Ohio Valley
- Surname Frequency in Carmel Area Cemeteries
- Y-DNA Alleles for Melungeon DNA Project
Traits/Conditions
- Absence of wisdom teeth (Hypodontia)
- Bechet's Syndrome
- Blue-black colored mole (Blue nevus)
- Bony growth on roof of mouth (Palatal torus)
- Double-jointedness (Hypermobility)
- Extra fingers/toes (Polydactylism)
- Familial Mediterranean Fever
- Machado–Joseph Disease
- Melungeon Bump
- Melungeon Squat
- Sarcoidosis
- Shovel teeth (Synodonty)
- Thalassemia